how to create a new symbol with TeX ? A list of 5913 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them

This document lists 5913 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX 2ε system; others require fonts and packages that may not accompany a given distribution and that therefore need to be installed. All of the fonts and packages used to prepare this document—as well as this document itself—are freely available from the Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (http://www.ctan.org/).

2) Body-text symbols
Table 1: LATEX 2ε Escapable “Special” Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 2: Predefined LATEX 2ε Text-mode Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Table 3: LATEX 2ε Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . 9
Table 4: AMS Commands Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . .10
Table 5: Non-ASCII Letters (Excluding Accented Letters) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table 6: Letters Used to Typeset African Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table 7: Letters Used to Typeset Vietnamese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table 8: Punctuation Marks Not Found in OT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Table 9: pifont Decorative Punctuation Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Table 10: tipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Table 11: tipx Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Table 12: wsuipa Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Table 13: wasysym Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Table 14: phonetic Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Table 15: t4phonet Phonetic Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Table 16: semtrans Transliteration Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Table 17: Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Table 18: tipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Table 19: extraipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Table 20: wsuipa Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Table 21: phonetic Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Table 22: metre Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Table 23: t4phonet Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Table 24: arcs Text-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Table 25: semtrans Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Table 26: ogonek Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Table 27: combelow Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Table 28: wsuipa Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table 29: textcomp Diacritics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table 30: textcomp Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table 31: marvosym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table 32: wasysym Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table 33: ChinA2e Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Table 34: teubner Currency Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Table 35: eurosym Euro Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Table 36: fourier Euro Signs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Table 37: textcomp Legal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Table 38: cclicenses Creative Commons License Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Table 39: textcomp Old-style Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Table 40: Miscellaneous textcomp Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Table 41: Miscellaneous wasysym Text-mode Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3) Mathematical symbols
Table 42: Math-Mode Versions of Text Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Table 43: cmll Unary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Table 44: Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Table 45: AMS Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Table 46: stmaryrd Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Table 47: wasysym Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Table 48: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Table 49: mathabx Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Table 50: MnSymbol Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Table 51: mathdesign Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Table 52: cmll Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Table 53: shuffle Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Table 54: ulsy Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Table 55: mathabx Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Table 56: MnSymbol Geometric Binary Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Table 57: Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Table 58: AMS Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Table 59: stmaryrd Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Table 60: wasysym Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Table 61: mathabx Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Table 62: txfonts/pxfonts Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Table 63: esint Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Table 64: MnSymbol Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Table 65: mathdesign Variable-sized Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table 66: cmll Large Math Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table 67: Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table 68: AMS Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Table 69: AMS Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 70: stmaryrd Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 71: wasysym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 72: txfonts/pxfonts Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 73: txfonts/pxfonts Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Table 74: mathabx Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Table 75: mathabx Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Table 76: MnSymbol Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Table 77: MnSymbol Negated Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Table 78: mathtools Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Table 79: turnstile Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Table 80: trsym Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Table 81: trfsigns Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Table 82: cmll Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Table 83: colonequals Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 
Table 84: fourier Binary Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Table 85: Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Table 86: AMS Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Table 87: stmaryrd Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 88: wasysym Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 89: txfonts/pxfonts Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 90: mathabx Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 91: MnSymbol Subset and Superset Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 92: Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Table 93: AMS Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Table 94: wasysym Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Table 95: txfonts/pxfonts Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Table 96: mathabx Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Table 97: MnSymbol Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Table 98: AMS Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Table 99: stmaryrd Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Table 100: mathabx Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Table 101: MnSymbol Triangle Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Table 102: Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Table 103: Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Table 104: textcomp Text-mode Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Table 105: AMS Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Table 106: AMS Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Table 107: AMS Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Table 108: stmaryrd Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Table 109: txfonts/pxfonts Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Table 110: mathabx Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Table 111: mathabx Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Table 112: mathabx Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Table 113: MnSymbol Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Table 114: MnSymbol Negated Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Table 115: MnSymbol Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Table 116: MnSymbol Negated Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Table 117: harpoon Extensible Harpoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table 118: chemarrow Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table 119: fge Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table 120: MnSymbol Spoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table 121: MnSymbol Pitchforks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table 122: MnSymbol Smiles and Frowns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Table 123: ulsy Contradiction Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Table 124: Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Table 125: stmaryrd Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Table 126: txfonts/pxfonts Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Table 127: mathabx Extension Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Table 128: Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Table 129: AMS Log-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Table 130: ChinA2e Number Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Table 131: Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Table 132: AMS Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Table 133: txfonts/pxfonts Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Table 134: upgreek Upright Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Table 135: fourier Variant Greek Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Table 136: txfonts/pxfonts Variant Latin Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Table 137: AMS Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Table 138: MnSymbol Hebrew Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Table 139: Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Table 140: AMS Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
 Table 141: txfonts/pxfonts Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Table 142: mathabx Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Table 143: MnSymbol Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Table 144: trfsigns Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Table 145: mathdesign Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Table 146: fge Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Table 147: fourier Letter-like Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Table 148: AMS Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Table 149: stmaryrd Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Table 150: mathabx Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Table 151: nath Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Table 152: Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Table 153: Large, Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Table 154: AMS Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Table 155: stmaryrd Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Table 156: mathabx Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Table 157: MnSymbol Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Table 158: mathdesign Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Table 159: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Double) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Table 160: nath Variable-sized Delimiters (Triple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Table 161: fourier Variable-sized Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Table 162: textcomp Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Table 163: metre Text-mode Delimiters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Table 164: Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Table 165: AMS Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Table 166: MnSymbol Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Table 167: fge Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Table 168: yhmath Math-mode Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Table 169: Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Table 170: overrightarrow Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Table 171: yhmath Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Table 172: AMS Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Table 173: MnSymbol Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Table 174: mathtools Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Table 175: mathabx Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Table 176: fourier Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Table 177: esvect Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Table 178: undertilde Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Table 179: ushort Extensible Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Table 180: AMS Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Table 181: mathtools Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Table 182: chemarr Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Table 183: chemarrow Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Table 184: extarrows Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Table 185: extpfeil Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Table 186: DotArrow Extensible Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Table 187: trfsigns Extensible Transform Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Table 188: holtpolt Non-commutative Division Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Table 189: Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Table 190: AMS Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Table 191: wasysym Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Table 192: MnSymbol Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Table 193: mathdots Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Table 194: yhmath Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Table 195: teubner Dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Table 196: mathcomp Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Table 197: marvosym Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Table 198: fge Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Table 199: dozenal Base-12 Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Table 200: mathabx Mayan Digits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Table 201: Miscellaneous LATEX 2ε Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Table 202: Miscellaneous AMS Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Table 203: Miscellaneous wasysym Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Table 204: Miscellaneous txfonts/pxfonts Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Table 205: Miscellaneous mathabx Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Table 206: Miscellaneous MnSymbol Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Table 207: Miscellaneous Internal MnSymbol Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Table 208: Miscellaneous textcomp Text-mode Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Table 209: Miscellaneous marvosym Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Table 210: Miscellaneous fge Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Table 211: Miscellaneous mathdesign Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Table 212: Miscellaneous arev Math Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Table 213: Math Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

4) Science and technology symbols
Table 214: gensymb Symbols Defined to Work in Both Math and Text Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Table 215: wasysym Electrical and Physical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Table 216: ifsym Pulse Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Table 217: ar Aspect Ratio Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Table 218: textcomp Text-mode Science and Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Table 219: steinmetz Extensible Phasor Symbol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Table 220: wasysym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Table 221: marvosym Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Table 222: mathabx Astronomical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Table 223: wasysym APL Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Table 224: wasysym APL Modifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Table 225: marvosym Computer Hardware Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Table 226: keystroke Computer Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Table 227: ascii Control Characters (CP437) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Table 228: milstd Logic Gates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Table 229: marvosym Communication Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Table 230: marvosym Engineering Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Table 231: wasysym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Table 232: marvosym Biological Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Table 233: marvosym Safety-related Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Table 234: feyn Feynman Diagram Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

5) Dingbats
Table 235: bbding Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Table 236: pifont Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Table 237: universal Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Table 238: marvosym Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Table 239: bbding Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Table 240: pifont Scissors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Table 241: dingbat Pencils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Table 242: bbding Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Table 243: pifont Pencils and Nibs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Table 244: dingbat Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Table 245: bbding Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Table 246: pifont Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Table 247: fourier Fists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Table 248: bbding Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Table 249: pifont Crosses and Plusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Table 250: bbding Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Table 251: pifont Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Table 252: wasysym Xs and Check Marks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Table 253: universal Xs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Table 254: pifont Circled Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Table 255: wasysym Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Table 256: bbding Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Table 257: pifont Stars, Flowers, and Similar Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Table 258: fourier Ornaments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Table 259: wasysym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Table 260: MnSymbol Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Table 261: ifsym Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Table 262: bbding Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Table 263: pifont Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Table 264: universa Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Table 265: universal Geometric Shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Table 266: Miscellaneous dingbat Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Table 267: Miscellaneous bbding Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Table 268: Miscellaneous pifont Dingbats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 

6) Ancient languages
Table 269: phaistos Symbols from the Phaistos Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Table 270: protosem Proto-Semitic Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Table 271: hieroglf Hieroglyphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Table 272: linearA Linear A Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Table 273: linearb Linear B Basic and Optional Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Table 274: linearb Linear B Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Table 275: linearb Linear B Weights and Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Table 276: linearb Linear B Ideograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Table 277: linearb Unidentified Linear B Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Table 278: cypriot Cypriot Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Table 279: sarabian South Arabian Letters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Table 280: teubner Archaic Greek Letters and Greek Numerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

7) Other symbols
Table 281: textcomp Genealogical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Table 282: wasysym General Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Table 283: wasysym Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Table 284: wasysym Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Table 285: arev Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Table 286: harmony Musical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Table 287: harmony Musical Accents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Table 288: manfnt Dangerous Bend Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Table 289: Miscellaneous manfnt Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Table 290: marvosym Navigation Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Table 291: marvosym Laundry Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Table 292: marvosym Information Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Table 293: Other marvosym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Table 294: Miscellaneous universa Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Table 295: Miscellaneous universal Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Table 296: Miscellaneous fourier Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Table 297: ifsym Weather Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Table 298: ifsym Alpine Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Table 299: ifsym Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Table 300: Other ifsym Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Table 301: clock Clocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Table 302: epsdice Dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Table 303: hhcount Dice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Table 304: hhcount Tally Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Table 305: skull Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Table 306: Non-Mathematical mathabx Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Table 307: skak Chess Informator Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Table 308: skak Chess Pieces and Chessboard Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Table 309: igo Go Stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Table 310: metre Metrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Table 311: metre Small and Large Metrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Table 312: teubner Metrical Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Table 313: dictsym Dictionary Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Table 314: simpsons Characters from The Simpsons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Table 315: pmboxdraw Box-Drawing Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Table 316: staves Magical Staves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Table 317: pigpen Cipher Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Table 318: ChinA2e Phases of the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Table 319: Other ChinA2e Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Table 320: recycle Recycling Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 

8) Additional Information
8.1 Symbol Name Clashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.2 Resizing symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.3 Where can I find the symbol for . . . ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.4 Math-mode spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
8.5 Bold mathematical symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
8.6 ASCII and Latin 1 quick reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.7 Unicode characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
8.8 About this document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
8.9 Copyright and license . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
References 122
Index 123

download the pf:
ftp://tug.ctan.org/pub/tex-archive/info ... ols-a4.pdf

how to expand/increase the attachment limit of a webmail? The problem of the message limit of an email. Comparison of MByte of a WebService: Transmission of Large File Attachment to a Working Group; horde, squirrelmail, roundcube, zimbra. Latex in a webmail.

• All free webmail(s) (e.g. Gmail, Yahoo mail, hotmail...) have an attachment limit, usually around 25MB.
• http://mail.india.com/; only 20MB but Useful tools like Queuing Attachments so you can upload conveniently in the background.
• GMX, a German-based free webmail service provided by GMX (Global Mail eXchange) http://www.gmx.com/: 50MB.
• www.mail.com/int/; http://www.mail.com/mail/#.1258-bluestripe_v40908-nav1-undef: 50MB 
• In September 2010, Mail.com Media sold Mail.com to United Internet, who plans to integrate it into GMX Mail
  
• http://www.mail2world.com/: 50MB
• Lavabit (http://lavabit.com/) : 64MB.
• Yahoo Mail: mail attachment limit: 25 MB (up to 100 MB via the built-in 'Attach Large Files' app; three easy steps using YouSendIt) http://overview.mail.yahoo.com/apps#c_7
• http://www.opolis.eu/: 125MB

Windows Live Hotmail and Hotmail integration with Windows Live SkyDrive: 25MB (and 100MB/file with a free personal storage of 25 GB  SkyDrive).
On June 20, 2011, Microsoft overhauled the user interface for Windows Live SkyDrive, built using HTML5 technologies. Microsoft also doubled the file size limit from 50MB to 100MB per file, as well as adding new features such as caching and hardware acceleration, support for HTML5 videos, Quick views, cleaner arrangement of photos, infinite scrolling. This update also brings together the different entry points for SkyDrive, such as Windows Live Photos and Windows Live Office, into one single interface. Files and folders shared with a user, including those in Windows Live Groups are also accessible in the new interface. On December 3, 2011, Microsoft released a SkyDrive for iPhone/iPod Touch app, and a SkyDrive for Windows Phone app, which are available in the App Store and Windows Phone Marketplace respectively.
http://windowsteamblog.com/windows_live/b/windowslive/archive/2011/06/20/introducing-skydrive-for-the-modern-web-built-using-html5.aspx
Entire directories can be downloaded as a single .zip file with SkyDrive.
Hotmail integration with Windows Live SkyDrive: SkyDrive integrates with Windows Live Hotmail which allow users to:

1.     Directly upload Office documents and photos within Hotmail, store them on Windows Live SkyDrive, and share them with other users
2.     Directly save Office documents within Hotmail to Windows Live SkyDrive, and view or edit these documents directly within the web browser
3.     Allow Hotmail users to edit Office documents within the web browser using Office Web Apps, and reply directly back to the sender with the edits made.

----
If you want to send and receive large file attachments, you have to select the same webmail service.

----not free :
http://luxsci.com  Trial account expire after 14 days: 200MB

----other web services:
http://www.mailbigfile.com/: 300MB (or 2000MB for 15€/yr).
MailBigFile is a web application that allows users to send large file attachments. It was developed by Dessol. Files available = 10days.

http://www.yousendit.com/compare-plans (storage 2GB; 50MB/File)

many services:

Easily send and receive content with the comfort of email without the hassle of inbox limits:

Share Folders

Wherever you go, there they are...cloud-based folders for you and your team, at work and on-the-go.

Simply sign it

Sign right from your smartphone, tablet, web or desktop.

Forget the fax

Sign the deals wherever you are, without the print and fax-it slowdown.

Fill it out

Preview documents and fill out forms with typed text inserts.

--------------------comments:

File delivery is not a file sharing service.
Webmail providers and webmail programs are not equivalent ;)

-----email attachment?
An email attachment is a computer file sent along with an email message. 
Email standards such as MIME don't specify any file size limits, but in practice email users will find that they can't send very large files.
 Over the Internet a message will often pass through several mail transfer agents to reach the recipient. Each of these has to store the message before forwarding it on, and may therefore need to impose size limits.
Email users can be puzzled by these limits because the MIME encoding adds up to 30% overhead– so that a 20MB document on disk exceeds a 25MB file attachment limit.

Setting Message Size Limits in Exchange 2010 and Exchange 2007:
http://exchangepedia.com/2007/09/exchange-server-2007-setting-message-size-limits.html

--History:
Originally Internet SMTP email was 7-bit ASCII text only.
You can put a latex source in your email directly because it's a 7-bit ASCII text
Attaching files was done by manually encoding 8-bit files using uuencode, BinHex... and pasting the resulting text into the body of the message. It was not easy but funny to undersant something in computer science ;)
The MIME standard introduced by RFC2045 in 1996 provided a framework to encapsulate a message and all its attachments in a single multipart message, and standardised on base64 encoding to convert binary into 7-bit ASCII.
Modern mail servers running Extended SMTP have the option of advertising full 8-bit support via the 8BITMIME extension.

The first email attachment was sent on 1992, 20 yrs ago!

---latex rendering
You can put a latex source in your email directly because it's a 7-bit ASCII text.
With Gmail, you can add a LaTeX rendering: http://alexeev.org/gmailtex.html
GmailTeX works in all modern browsers: Mozilla Firefox (version 3.6 and later), Google Chrome, Opera, Safari (version 5), and Microsoft Internet Explorer (version 9).
GmailTeX uses MathJax as its TeX typesetting engine.
For LaTeX in Gmail Chat, you can use the GmailChatTeX userscript. To view LateX on web pages where a web designer did not provide a server-side way of doing so (such as arXiv.org, front.math.ucdavis.edu), you can use display-latex2 userscript.

For the other webmail, there is this Greasemonkey script that detects and renders inline LaTeX as MathML. It works pretty well at what it does.

See also the posts of this blog : select category "latex".



------some free web-based webmail groupwares.
Horde : its Internet Messaging Program or IMP is an open source PHP-based webmail client for IMAP. IMP is a component of the Horde project. It is included with cPanel and Plesk installations as a webmail client. It often integrates email, calendar, address book, notes, tasks, filters and a newsreader with cPanel.
SquirrelMail is an Open Source project that provides both a web-based email application and an IMAP proxy server.
Roundcube is a web-based IMAP email client written in the PHP programming language. Roundcube's most prominent feature is the pervasive use of Ajax technology to present a more fluid and responsive user interface than that of traditional webmail clients.
Zimbra Collaboration Suite (ZCS) .

My personal experience: SquirrelMail is robust, Roundcube is clean, Horde Mail is professional.

-------some webmail (and webmail provider):
AOL Mail is a free web-based email (webmail) service provided by AOL. The service is sometimes referred to as AIM Mail where AIM stands for AOL Instant Messenger which is AOL's instant messaging service. It uses Dojo Toolkit, an open source modular JavaScript library (or more specifically JavaScript toolkit) designed to ease the rapid development of cross-platform, JavaScript/Ajax-based applications and web sites.
Windows Live Hotmail, or MS hotmail: Hotmail features unlimited storage, Ajax, and integration with Microsoft's instant messaging (Windows Live Messenger), calendar (Hotmail Calendar), file hosting service (SkyDrive) and contacts platform.... In October 2011, Microsoft unveiled a "re-invented Hotmail", and added lots of new features such as Instant Actions, scheduled Sweep, Categories and more, and this update began fully rolling out on November 9, 2011.This update also made SSL enabled by default on all accounts.
Yahoo! Mail was the second largest web-based email service with 310 million users as of dec 2011, and the most popular webmail service in the United States.The  Yahoo Mail (before 2011) was based on Ajax scripting acquired from Oddpost, (JavaScript and XML), along with new philosophical approaches to email, including the Oddpost design philosophy. The new version of Yahoo! Mail, codenamed "Minty", was first announced on 16 September 2010 on the Yahoo! Mail Blog. It included a new interface, enhanced performance, improved Facebook and Twitter integration, the ability to watch YouTube videos straight from your email, improved search, and more. Email attachment limit: 25 MB (up to 100 MB via the built-in 'Attach Large Files' app).

Gmail. Gmail is noted by web developers for its pioneering use of Ajax. The Gmail service currently provides 7.8 GB of free storage per account. Users can rent additional storage (shared between Picasa Web Albums, Google Docs and Gmail) from 20 GB (US$5/year) to 16 TB (US$4096/year).
On August 31, 2011, it was announced on the Official Gmail Blog that Offline Google Mail was launched as a Chrome web app at the Google Chrome Web Store. This HTML5-powered app is based on the Gmail web app on tablets. On April 11, 2011 Google engineer Sundar Pichai revealed that Google employees had been testing the app together with offline versions of Google Docs and Google Calendar for months.
The Gmail interface differs from other Webmail systems with its focus on search and its "conversation view" of email, grouping several replies onto a single page.  As a result of complaints from some users, Google made conversation view optional starting September 29, 2010.

----see also : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_e-mail_clients
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_webmail_providers

A post (only in french) for tex-latex or xetex and é à ï î ç...; un post en français pour les caractères avec accents

This post is in french because it's focused on the use of french special characters with tex-latex ou xetex.
------intro:
Les caractères accentués et liés (é, à, æ, Å, ø…) n'existent pas en langue anglaise. De fait, le standard informatique ASCII « de base » ne définit que 127 caractères non accentués, dits « caractères ASCII 7 bits ». La norme ASCII définit des caractères étendus, dits « caractères 8 bits », pour chaque pays, ce qui permet d'avoir les caractères éccentués et liés directement sur le clavier. Unicode augmente encore ces aspects. Mais hélas Tex et Latex sont apparus avant unicode... Tout document texte LaTeX peut donc être écrit en ASCII 7bits, ce qui garantit la plus forte interopérabilité.
On va donc limiter ce post à Tex-Latex.


XeTeX (http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XeTeX) est un logiciel de mise en page dérivé de TeX qui utilise l'Unicode et les technologies modernes de polices de caractères telles que OpenType. Initialement développé pour Mac OS X, il est maintenant multiplate-forme. Les fichiers sources sont, par défaut, en utf-8. XeTeX fonctionne avec LaTeX et ConTeXt (macro packages). Sa partie LaTeX est xelatex. Il est utilisé avec le package fontspec, qui permet une interface configurable pour le choix des fonts et permet un choix très vaste de fonts.
XeTeX est incorporé dans les distributions TeX Live 2010, MacTeX 2010 et MiKTeX 2.8.
Unicode et la norme ISO/CEI 10646 attribuent à chaque caractère un nom officiel au sein d’un répertoire commun unifié entre toutes les langues et tous les usages. Dès que le répertoire commun est approuvé, les caractères sont groupés en blocs en fonction de leur usage et des écritures supportées, et reçoivent une identification numérique unique appelée point de code, identifiée généralement sous la forme U+xxxx (où xxxx est un nombre hexadécimal de 4 à 6 chiffres, entre U+0000 et U+10FFFF). La plage définie permet d'attribuer jusqu'à 1 114 112 points de code.

Il y a aussi MathML voir sur ce blog la catégorie "mathML".

 ------généralités LaTeX
Les commandes commencent par une contre-oblique \ suivie de 2 possibilités:

• un nom composé uniquement de lettres non diacritiés.
  Une espace (en typographie, le mot « espace » est féminin…), un chiffre ou tout autre caractère clôture le nom,
  ex : x\mapsto2  ;
• un seul caractère spécial (non-lettre), ex : \#

Remarque: depuis janvier 2003, les formules mathématiques sur Wikipédia peuvent être écrites avec latex: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide:Formules_TeX
où les formules s'écrivent entre $\dots$.

------les caractères spéciaux (ascii non 7bits)
Les caractères suivant sont utilisés par LaTeX pour la compilation (ils ont une signification particulière pour la mise en forme du texte) et ne peuvent donc figurer tels quels dans le texte :

$ & % # { } _ \ ^ ~

Il faut les remplacer par d'autres. Il suffit de faire figurer une barre de fraction inversée « \ » devant,

\$ \& \% \# \{ \}

sauf pour les 3  caractères suivant (heureusement,  ils sont assez rarement utilisés en tant que tels):

« \ »	qui s'écrit	\ textbackslash,
« ~ »	"	\ textasciitilde,
« ^ »	"	\ textasciicircum.

Si l'on reste toujours sous le même environnement (même type d'ordinateur, même système d'exploitation, même pays), alors on peut utiliser les caractères accentués du clavier, quitte à utiliser l'extension inputenc en mettant :

\usepackage[latin1]{inputenc}

dans l'en-tête du fichier.
ou par exemple  \usepackage[frenchb]{babel} 
ou \usepackage[french]{babel}
Les deux sont absolument identiques mais frenchb indique clairement que l'on veut utiliser le français avec babel d'où le b. L'extension babel facilite l'adaptation de la typographie du document à sa langue comme calc permet d'accomplir des calculs simples. La liste des extensions est interminable ; heureusement, tous les paquetages sont réunis au sein du Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN).

Mais dans le cas général, si le texte doit être lu dans un autre environnement ou par quelqu'un d'un autre pays, il faut utiliser la frappe suivante avec les "commandes".

Pour mettre un accent aigü, il suffit de faire précéder la lettre de « \' », « \` » pour un accent grave, « \^ » pour un accent circonflexe, et « \" » pour un tréma. De manière générale, on a « \ + accent + lettre ».
Exemple :

é

\'e

É

\'E

è

\`e

à

\`a

È

\`E

À

\`A

ê

\^e

â

\^a

î

\^\i

ô

\^o

û

\^u

Ê

\^E

Â

\^A

Î

\^I

Ô

\^O

Û

\^U

ë

\"e

ï

\"\i

ü

\"u

Ë

\"E

Ï

\"I

Ü

\"U

NB : pour le « i » accentué, la barre de fraction entre l'accent et le i sert à enlever le point ; il est important de laisser un espace après le i, car certaines instruction commencent elles aussi par \i, comme \it (texte en italique) par exemple (cet espace sera ignoré lors de la compilation). Exemple :

ab\^\i me

pour écrire « abîme » Ajoutons la cédille, le « e dans l'a/o » et le symbole angström (unité de mesure des distances atomiques en physique) :

ç	\c c
Ç	\c C
æ	\ae
Æ	\AE
œ	\oe
Œ	\OE
Å	\AA

NB : pour la cédille, il est important de laisser un espace après le \c, car certaines instructions commencent elles aussi par \c, comme \chapter (marque le début d'un chapitre) par exemple (cet espace sera ignoré lors de la compilation). Exemple :

fa\c cade

pour écrire « façade » Voici quelques signes de ponctuation particuliers :

• petit tiret - (signe moins) : « - » ;
• tiret moyen – (de la largeur d'un « N ») pour les intervalles de nombres : « -- » ;
• tiret long — (de la largeur d'un « M ») pour les incides (alternative aux parenthèses) : « --- » ;
• guillemets français « et » : « << » et « >> » (deux signes inférieur et deux signes supérieur).

On peut aussi représenter les accent et caractères espagnols (tilde, points d'interrogation et d'exclamation inversés), norvégiens… Pour connaître les codes à taper, il faut chercher...
Enfin, il existe des caractères spéciaux pour la mise en page :

• l'espace insécable « ~ », qui n'est pas coupée par un changement de ligne et en français précède notamment les « : ; ! ? » (ces signes sont également suivis d'une espace normale) et se trouve à l'intérieur des guillemets et des tirets d'incise (qui sont eux-même encadrés par des espaces normales) ;
  en typographie française, on écrit …~;, …~!, …~?, <<~…~>> et ---~…~--- ;
• l'espace forcée « {} » (accolade d'ouverture-accolade de fermeture) ou bien « \  » (barre de fraction inversée-espace), qui est sécable ;
• et l'espace fine « \, ».

Notes

• 1 - ASCII : american standard code for instruction interchange retour
• 2 - un caractère est une lettre, un chiffre, mais aussi un signe de ponctuation, une espace… retour

 Ref: http://deuns.chez.com/latex/carac.html

LyX; document processor; TeX-LaTeX; WYSIWYM and WYSIWYG; Free Software/Open Source license, Linux-Unix Windows Mac OS X; english & francais

LyX is a document processor that encourages an approach to writing based on the structure of your documents (WYSIWYM) and not simply their appearance (WYSIWYG). 
Lyx est un processeur documentaire qui encourage une écriture fondée sur la « structure » de vos documents (WYSIWYM) et pas simplement sur leur affichage (WYSIWYG).

http://www.lyx.org/Download
--------
LyX is a fully featured document processor. Here are some of the features, classified by category.

Math/science features (demo clip)

• Mathematical formula editor which is easily best of breed. Fully harnesses the power of LaTeX.
• Equations can be entered via point-and-click interface or via keyboard with LaTeX commands (optionally via auto-completion). Formulas are immediately visually rendered on screen.
• Copy/paste to and from LaTeX source code.
• Equation arrays, equation numbering, theorems, customizable math macros, matrices, algorithms, and much more.
• Support of math macros
• Basic support for various Computer Algebra Systems (CAS) - Maple, Maxima, Octave, Mathematica

Structured document creation

• Advanced features for labels, references, index and bibliography (including advanced BibTeX support)
• Standard word processor operations, like cut/paste, multiple open documents, undo/redo, spellchecking (uses aspell or hunspell in the background), thesaurus and revision tracking
• Different textclasses allow you to type letters, articles, books, movie scripts, LinuxDoc, slides, presentations. Also included are some textclasses for scientific societies, such as AMS, APS, IEEE, or specific journals like Astronomy and Astrophysics.
• Dedicated modules let you dynamically enhance the functionality of the textclass by adding features that are needed for specific tasks (such as endnotes, linguistic glosses, Noweb/Sweave or LilyPond support)
• Numbered section headings, table of contents (with hypertext functionality), lists of figures/tables
• The outliner mode allows for easy navigating in your document as well as for moving or nesting complete chapters and sections
• Character styles provide access to fully semantic markup

Graphics/tables

• Support for many graphic formats (including EPS, SVG, XFig, Dia and others)
• WYSIWYG for cropping, rotation, scaling of images
• Enhanced support for intelligently floating figures and tables
• Support for subfigures, subtables and captions
• Support for wrapped figures and tables
• Interactive WYSIWYG tables
• Shared (geometry) settings for multiple figures

Internationalization (more here)

• Support for writing documents in many languages of the world
• Bidi support for Right-to-Left languages such as Hebrew and Arabic
• Support for many writing systems (including CJK)
• Write multilingual documents consisting of diverse languages and scripts thanks to unicode compliance.
• Menus, error messages, manuals and key bindings are available in many languages

Document formats

• Access to all LaTeX functionality with capability to insert plain LaTeX code anywhere in a document.
• Import and export to many formats (LaTeX, PDF, Postscript, DVI, ASCII, HTML, OpenDocument, RTF, MS Word, and others) thanks to configurable converters
• Send a fax from within LyX
• Source code viewer for instant LaTeX and DocBook view.
• SGML-tools support (DocBook DTDs)
• Literate programming support (noweb, Sweave)
• Support for export of PDF bookmarks and header information

Usability/user interface

• Graphical user interface that gives access to all functions via menus and mouse, as well as configurable key bindings
• Extensive documentation, including a beginner's tutorial, available in many languages
• Text completion support
• Typesetting in background

Document management

• Change tracking
• Support for external version control systems (RCS, CVS, SVN)
• Comparison of different versions of the document
• Branches for having different versions of the same document
• Yellow sticky notes

Additional

• Available for Linux, Windows, and Mac
• Quite fast and no memory hog at all.

There's a lot more not listed here. Check it out yourself!

a new "online service" : biometric detection technology; alcohol detection systems for the automotive market (and beyond...).

TruTouch’s technology  combines the state-of-the-art in alcohol testing with an integral biometric identity verification capability.  It is a 100% noninvasive, touch based measurement that offers significant improvements in safety and ease-of use relative to existing measurement approaches.
The TruTouch measurement is performed by transmitting light into the skin via contact with an optical touch pad, and collecting a portion of the light (near infrared) reflected back by the skin. The collected light is analyzed to determine the tissue alcohol concentration and to verify the user’s identity. 


----------science

TruTouch devices  measure the 4000-8000 cm-1 (1.25-2.5 mm) spectral region.

Additional information regarding the TruTouch technology and its evaluation using
clinical and laboratory studies can be found in the following peer reviewed journal articles.

T. Ridder, S. Hendee, C. Brown, “Noninvasive Alcohol Testing using Diffuse Reflectance Near-Infrared Spectroscopy”, Applied Spectroscopy, 59(2), pp. 181-189, (2005).
DOI: 10.1366/0003702053085098
Abstract: A diffuse reflectance near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer was evaluated as a noninvasive alternative to breath and blood measurements for in vivo alcohol testing. A hybrid partial least squares (PLS) calibration was constructed using a combination of in vivo and in vitro spectral data. This model was subsequently evaluated for its performance in quantifying alcohol concentrations in vivo using a prospective validation study involving subjects who did not participate in the calibration. The validation study entailed induction of alcohol excursions in ten human subjects and comparison of the noninvasive NIR alcohol measurements to blood and breath alcohol measurements. Blood and breath alcohol measurements were performed at the time of each noninvasive NIR measurement (N = 372), establishing the noninvasive NIR measurement standard error relative to blood alcohol at 4.9 mg/dL (0.0049 %). Assessment of the hybrid calibration model's sensitivity and selectivity provided strong evidence that the hybrid calibration yielded measurements that were both sensitive to alcohol and independent of other absorbing analytes in human tissue.

C. Brown, T. Ridder, “A Framework for Multivariate Selectivity Analysis. Part 1: Theoretical and Practical Merits”, Applied Spectroscopy, 59(6), pp. 787-803, (2005).
DOI: 10.1366/0003702054280621

T. Ridder, C. Brown, B. Ver Steeg, “A Framework for Multivariate Selectivity Analysis.
Part 2: Experimental Applications”, Applied Spectroscopy, 59(6), pp. 804-815, (2005).
DOI: 10.1366/0003702054280739



------------industry

Takata has partnered with TruTouch Technologies (http://www.trutouchtech.com/UploadFiles/TruTouch%20Technology%20Overview.pdf) to develop alcohol detection systems for the automotive market.

Combining Takata’s electronic sensor technology and the TruTouch biometric intoxication detection technology, the partnership is developing a product that will work with push-button ignition systems to prevent the vehicle from starting if the driver’s blood alcohol level is above the legal limit.

The product uses an infrared measurement system.  Drivers place their finger on the device, and within seconds, the system measures the alcohol concentration in the driver’s system.


http://www.takataesv.com/pages/trutouch.html

--------funds
NHTSA (National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration) Awards Takata-TruTouch $2.25M to Advance World’s First Touch-based In-Vehicle Alcohol Detection Device


AUBURN HILLS, Mich., Sept. 26, 2011 /PRNewswire via COMTEX/ 

 Imagine every time you go to start a vehicle it could potentially provide your Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) in an instant, just from touching the ignition button. This scenario could be a reality within the decade, and the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration (NHTSA) through Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety (DADSS) and The Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety (ACTS) recognizes this system’s capacity to save lives as an additional tool to help address one of the most significant road safety problems around the world. .

To aid with the continued advancement of the life-saving technology, a $2.25M award has been made to Takata in partnership with TruTouch Technologies to develop an in-vehicle solution that could help keep drunk drivers off the road, potentially saving hundreds-of-thousands of lives lost in alcohol-impaired crashes globally every year. As this technology advances and is incorporated into automobiles, it has the capacity to potentially help eliminate drunk driving.

“We are already enjoying tremendous success with this technology in the law enforcement, oil and drilling, military, and transportation markets,” said Dr. Richard D. Gill, President and CEO of TruTouch. “Together with Takata, our mission is to help eliminate alcohol-impaired dangers on the road and save lives. This NHTSA award will help expedite the work to adapt the technology for use in automotive applications where customers demand quick, accurate, and cost-effective in-vehicle solutions to ensure safe vehicle operation.”

“As a company solely dedicated to automotive safety, we are excited with the contract from DADSS/ACTS to develop the TruTouch sensors for use in automotive, commercial vehicle and heavy equipment applications,” added Kirk Morris, Vice President of Business Development of TK Holdings Inc., the NA subsidiary of Takata Corporation. “The objective is to develop tools to help intoxicated drivers from operating the vehicle if they are impaired, and to do so in a personal, non-intrusive manner.”

The TruTouch technology utilizes an advanced intoxication detection technology that measures a person’s alcohol level through the use of infrared light. With TruTouch, a person’s BAC is determined when placing their finger on a near infrared sensor that analyzes the alcohol concentration in his or her body. The device can produce accurate results in seconds and has a built-in biometric system to prevent tampering. The ultimate objective is to embrace this advanced technology and develop an automotive solution equipped to combat the global problem of alcohol related accidents. The Takata/TruTouch products require no user training, and no operator assistance.

About TruTouch Technologies

TruTouch Technologies, Inc. develops, manufactures and sells patented noninvasive biometric alcohol testing systems into both existing and emerging alcohol testing markets. Inspired by the potential to place its passive, durable systems virtually anywhere, TruTouch’s vision is to create a world where intoxication is routinely intercepted before it does harm.

Current and future TruTouch applications include:

Work Force Safety Systems for testing of on duty impairment by alcohol

Medical Diagnostic Systems

Alcohol Point-Of-Sale Liability Reduction Systems

Law Enforcement Systems

Industrial Safety Systems

Vehicle Safety Systems

www.trutouchtechnologies.com

solution of the error "Could Not Save Item": Zotero and Web of science or other Web of Knowledge databases.

Currently Zotero not playing nice with Web of Science, or any of the other Web of Knowledge databases
e.g. error "Could Not Save Item. An error occurred while saving this item. Check Known Translator Issues for more information."

Please go to http://github.com/ajlyon/translators/raw/master/ISI%20Web%20of%20Knowledge.js and save the file to the translators directory of your Zotero data directory (http://www.zotero.org/support/zotero_data).

Restart Firefox, and it should start saving from all WoK/ISI databases. Currently, it saves all of the results for your current query-- that'll change soon, but the courageous can try it out now."

There are unresolved issues that make multiple item saves fail, so this is limited to one item per save at present (DATA@dec 2011).

Ref.
http://forums.zotero.org/discussion/1966/

citeulike a web service for managing and discovering scholarly references

citeulike http://www.citeulike.org/ is a free service for managing and discovering scholarly references

• Easily store references you find online
• Discover new articles and resources
• Automated article recommendations
• Share references with your peers
• Find out who's reading what you're reading
• Store and search your PDFs

Input:

• You can enter the URL of an article in the "Post URL" page which you can find within the "My CiteULike" menu.
• However, you will probably find it more convenient to use one of our browser buttons which will let you post articles to CiteULike with a single click
• You can also copy articles from other users' libraries into your own. Try searching for an article using the 'Search' link at the top right-hand corner of this page. Click on an article of interest, then choose [Copy] to add that article to your own library.
• Import to My library. Pick a BibTeX or RIS file. Pretty much any BibTeX file should be fine. We should be able to cope with macros, comments, and most of the other strange things people put in their BibTeX files. Pretty much any RIS file should be OK too.

Search Engine Analysis: Hitwise

The following report shows search engines for the industry 'All Categories', ranked by Volume of Searches for the 4 weeks ending 12/03/2011.

Rank		Searches
1.	www.google.com	63.69%
2.	search.yahoo.com	15.36%
3.	www.bing.com	14.24%
4.	www.ask.com	3.71%
5.	search.aol.com	2.47%

Ref. http://www.hitwise.com/us/datacenter/main/dashboard-23984.html

Top 10 Social Networking sites
The following report shows websites for the industry 'Computers and Internet - Social Networking and Forums', ranked by Visits for the week ending 12/03/2011.

Rank	Website	Visits Share
1.	Facebook	63.63%
2.	YouTube	20.36%
3.	Twitter	1.52%
4.	Yahoo! Answers	1.02%
5.	Tagged	0.74%
6.	Linkedin	0.65%
7.	Google+	0.58%
8.	MySpace	0.47%
9.	myYearbook	0.41%
10.	Pinterest.com	0.34%

Top 10 Software sites
The following report shows websites for the industry 'Computers and Internet - Software', ranked by Visits for the week ending 12/03/2011.

Rank	Website	Visits Share
1.	Adobe	5.52%
2.	Apple	5.16%
3.	Microsoft Windows	4.10%
4.	Yahoo! Pulse	3.79%
5.	Big Fish Games	3.07%
6.	Apple iPod & iTunes	2.82%
7.	Google Chrome	1.97%
8.	Frontline Placement Technologies	1.86%
9.	Symantec	1.84%
10.	Microsoft Office Online	1.79%

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    Hitwise Methodology

Hitwise has developed proprietary software that Internet Service Providers (ISPs) use to analyze website logs created on their network. This anonymous data is aggregated and provided to Hitwise, where it is analyzed to provide a range of industry standard metrics relating to the viewing of websites including page requests, visits, average visit length, search terms and behaviour.

Hitwise is able to combine this rich ISP data with data from opt-in panel partners and with region specific consumer demographic and lifestyle information.

Hitwise collects aggregate usage data from a geographically diverse range of ISP networks and opt-in panels, representing all types of Internet usage, including home, work, educational and public access. To ensure this data is accurate and representative, it is weighted to universe estimates in each market.

Because of the extensive sample size (25 million people worldwide, including 10 million in the US), Hitwise can provide detailed insights into the search terms used to find thousands of sites as well as a range of clickstream reports, analyzing the movement of visitors between sites.
Ref. http://www.hitwise.com/us/about-us/hitwise-methodology

Research and metrics: an ex-ample with "erotic content", "sexual interests", keywords as sex, youth, breasts, vaginas etc...

Bad Research: Popular Sex Search Terms

Researchers Ogi Ogas and Sai Gaddam recently published a book, A Billion Wicked Thoughts,
detailing their analysis of 400 million searches they collected from the Dogpile search engine.
Of those 400 million searches, 13 percent (55 million) were for erotic content.

Note that the terms below are the general category of search for that interest, which is inclusive of all sorts of permutations of the terms. These permutations (such as “tits” for breasts) are not listed below.

    Youth – 13.5 percent
    Gay – 4.7 percent
    MILFs (Mother’s I’d Like to F***) – 4.3 percent
    Breasts – 4.0 percent
    Cheating wives – 3.4 percent
    Vaginas – 2.8 percent
    Penises – 2.4 percent

There’s an old saying in computer programming — GIGO: Garbage In, Garbage Out. It applies equally well to any scientific endeavor, which is only as good as the data you choose to analyze. If you start out with a dataset of questionable generalizability or value, you may find yourself drawing conclusions which have little connection with reality.

In this instance, there’s a huge problem with the research data these researchers compiled. They don’t come from Google or even Bing. They come from a little-known search engine called “Dogpile” which isn’t even a search engine. What Dogpile is is simply an aggregation engine of search results from Google, Yahoo and Bing. Google and Bing (and Yahoo) don’t make the data it collects on searches readily available to researchers.

Context is, of course, everything when it comes to datasets, especially when those datasets are likely to be biased in ways you never bothered to investigate. In this instance, the dataset is biased by the use of the Dogpile search engine — a tiny, niche search engine that is more likely than not used by a certain subset of the population that differs from the rest of the population.

So who uses Dogpile? Who knows, but it certainly isn’t likely to be a mainstream Internet user. While over 150 million people use Google and 90 million use Bing.com, Dogpile’s measly 2-3 million people per month pales in comparison and is far less than 0.05 percent of the total search engine market.

For instance, Ogi Ogas and Sai Gaddam said they analyzed 400 million Internet searches. But compare this number to the 3 billion searches conducted each and every day, according to Hitwise, an online analytics company.

Ref. http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2011/05/31/bad-research-popular-sex-search-terms/

Machine translation and human translation; Translation service; integration with microsoft word and google docs; French<->English

Three online services (machine translation):

• http://translate.google.fr/
• http://www.microsofttranslator.com/
• http://www.reverso.net/text_translation.aspx?lang=EN

These tools are only for computer-assisted-translation.
Use these three services and compare!

See also this comparison of machine translation applications:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_machine_translation_applications

---------------word and google docs


Most of users don’t find Google Docs much useful with Microsoft Office (Word 2010 PC and Word 2011 mac) installed in their Computers for creating, editing Word document with multilingual translation/dictionnary services, but  Google Docs lets you translate PDF files (and lets you save translated copy of PDF to your Computer). Google Translator translates up to 8 pages in a document only.
http://techdows.com/2011/09/pdf-files-translation-with-google-docs.html


---------------
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/translation/
Microsoft has released a translation bookmarklet which allows single-click translation of any website in your own browser (DATA@ nov 2011).
http://blog.gts-translation.com/category/translation-software/translation-widgets/
---------------
It is estimated that 125 million native French speakers and 200 million second language French speakers live around the world.


The more people that speak a commonly used language such as French, the greater the demand for services related to that language becomes. The need for good-quality French translation will also continue to rise.

----------------online human translation:

myGengo translation is all done by humans. The one exception is that developers can access machine translation via the API as a free service, however this is explicitly described as such.

We use computer-assisted-translation (CAT) tools to speed up translation and ensure consistency, but the translation is done by a real person.


Ref:
http://mygengo.com/translation-services/comparison-chart/
http://mygengo.com/translation-solutions/french-translation/